C ( / ˈ s iː /; named The exact shape of printed letters varies depending on the typeface. The shape of handwritten letters can differ significantly from the standard printed form , especially when written in cursive style. See the individual letter articles for information about letter shapes and origins (follow the links on any of the uppercase letters above) cee)[1] is the third letter A letter is an element in an alphabetic system of writing, such as the Greek alphabet and its descendants. Each letter in the written language is usually associated with one phoneme in the spoken form of the language in the basic modern Latin alphabet Alphabets that are equivalent in the sense that they consist of the same 26 letters – possibly also used in combination with diacritics, provided that letters thereby modified are not considered distinct letters of the alphabet:.

Contents

History

Phoenician gimel Gimel is the third letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew ג, Syriac ܓ and Arabic ǧīm ﺟ . Its sound value in the original Phoenician and in all derived alphabets save Arabic is a voiced velar plosive [ɡ]; in Arabic, it represents a voiced postalveolar affricate [dʒ] in the standard language, though this Hebrew gimel Classical Greek Gamma Gamma is the third letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 3. It was derived from the Phoenician letter Gimel . Letters that arose from Gamma include the Roman C and G and the Cyrillic letters Ge Г and Ghe Ґ Etruscan C Old Latin C

‹C› comes from the same letter as ‹g›. The Semites named it gimel. The sign is possibly adapted from an Egyptian hieroglyph Egyptian hieroglyphs (pronounced /ˈhaɪrəɡlɪf/ was a formal writing system used by the ancient Egyptians that contained a combination of logographic and alphabetic elements. Egyptians used cursive hieroglyphics for religious literature on papyrus and wood. Less formal variations of the script, called hieratic and demotic, are technically not for a staff sling A sling is a projectile weapon typically used to throw a blunt projectile such as a stone. It is also known as the shepherd's sling, which may have been the meaning of the name gimel. Another possibility is that it depicted a camel, the Semitic name for which was gamal.

In the Etruscan language The Etruscan language was spoken and written by the Etruscan civilization in what is now present-day Italy, in the ancient region of Etruria and in parts of Lombardy, Veneto, and Emilia-Romagna (where the Etruscans were displaced by Gauls). Latin, however, superseded Etruscan completely, leaving only a few documents and a few loanwords in Latin e, plosive consonants A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. The terms plosive and stop are usually used interchangeably, but they are not perfect synonyms. Plosives are oral stops with a pulmonic egressive airstream mechanism. The term is also used to describe oral stops. Many use the term nasal had no contrastive voicing Phonation has slightly different meanings depending on the subfield of phonetics. Among some phoneticians, phonation is the process by which the vocal folds produce certain sounds through quasi-periodic vibration. This is the definition used among those who study laryngeal anatomy and physiology and speech production in general. Other phoneticians,, so the Greek Greek , an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, is the language of the Greeks. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. In its ancient form, it is the language of classical ancient Greek literature and the New Testament of ‹Γ Gamma is the third letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 3. It was derived from the Phoenician letter Gimel . Letters that arose from Gamma include the Roman C and G and the Cyrillic letters Ge Г and Ghe Ґ› (Gamma) was adopted into the Etruscan alphabet Old Italic refers to several now extinct alphabet systems used on the Italian Peninsula in ancient times for various Indo-European languages and non-Indo-European (e.g. Etruscan) languages. The alphabets derive from the Euboean Greek Cumaean alphabet, used at Ischia and Cumae in the Bay of Naples in the eighth century BC to represent /k/. Already in the Western Greek alphabet The Cumae alphabet was a western variant of the early Greek alphabet, used between the 8th to 5th centuries BC. It was specifically used in Euboea and the areas west of Athens, especially in the Greek colonies of southern Italy. It was this variant that gave rise to the Old Italic alphabets, including the Latin alphabet. In Greece it was replaced, Gamma first took a ‹› form in Early Etruscan, then ‹› in Classical Etruscan. In Latin it eventually took the ‹c› form in Classical Latin. In the earliest Latin Latin or sometimes Roman is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Although often considered a dead language, in view of the fact that it has no native speakers, a small number of scholars can fluently speak it and it continues to be taught in schools and universities and has been, and currently is, used in the process of inscriptions, the letters ‹c k q› were used to represent the sounds /k/ and /ɡ/ (which were not differentiated in writing). Of these, ‹q› was used to represent /k/ or /ɡ/ before a rounded vowel, ‹k› before ‹a›, and ‹c› elsewhere.[2] During the 3rd century BC, a modified character was introduced for /ɡ/, and ‹c› itself was retained for /k/. The use of ‹c› (and its variant ‹g›) replaced most usages of ‹k› and ‹q›. Hence, in the classical period and after, ‹g› was treated as the equivalent of Greek gamma, and ‹c› as the equivalent of kappa; this shows in the romanization of Greek words, as in ‹KA∆MOΣ›, ‹KYPOΣ›, and ‹ΦΩKIΣ› came into Latin as ‹cadmvs›, ‹cyrvs›, and ‹phocis›, respectively.

Other alphabets have letters identical to ‹c› in form but not in use and derivation, in particular the Cyrillic Cyrillic script is an alphabet developed in the 9th century in Bulgaria, and used in the Slavic national languages of Belarusian, Bulgarian, Russian, Rusyn, Serbian, Macedonian, Montenegrin and Ukrainian, and in the non-Slavic languages of Moldovan, Kazakh, Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Tajik, Tuvan, and Mongolian. It also was used in past languages of Eastern letter Es Es is the eighteenth letter in the Bulgarian, the nineteenth letter in the Russian, and the twenty-first letter in Serbian Cyrillic alphabet. It resembles the letter <C> in the Latin alphabet, being one of seven letters in the Cyrillic alphabet that share appearances with Latin alphabet letters but are pronounced in a different way (although which derives from one form of the Greek letter sigma Sigma is the eighteenth letter of the Greek alphabet, and carries the 'S' sound. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 200. When used at the end of a word, and the word is not all upper case, the final form (ς) is used, e.g. Ὀδυσσεύς (Odysseus) - note the two sigmas in the center of the name, and the word-final sigma at the, known as the "lunate sigma" due to its resemblance to the crescent moon.

Later use

When the Roman alphabet was introduced into Britain, ‹c› represented only /k/ and this value of the letter has been retained in loanwords to all the insular Celtic languages Insular Celtic languages are those Celtic languages that originated in the British Isles, in contrast to the Continental Celtic languages of mainland Europe and Anatolia. All surviving Celtic languages are from the Insular Celtic group; the Continental Celtic languages are extinct. The six Celtic languages of modern times can be divided into:: in Welsh Welsh is a member of the Brythonic branch of the Celtic languages spoken natively in Wales, in England by some along the Welsh border, in the Welsh immigrant colony in the Chubut Valley in Argentine Patagonia, and the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, Irish Irish is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family, originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish people. Irish is now spoken as a first language only by a small minority of the Irish population but is also used as a second language by a larger and expanding minority[citation needed]. It also plays an important, Gaelic 92,400 people aged three and over in Scotland had some Gaelic language ability in 2001 with an additional 2,000 in Nova Scotia. 1,610 speakers in the United States in 2000. 822 in Australia in 2001. 669 in New Zealand in 2006, ‹c› represents only /k/. The Old English Old English or Anglo-Saxon is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written by the Anglo-Saxons and their descendants in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between at least the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century. What survives through writing represents primarily the literary register of Anglo-Saxon or "Anglo-Saxon Old English or Anglo-Saxon is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between at least the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century. What survives through writing represents primarily the literary register of Anglo-Saxon" writing was learned from the Celts, apparently of Ireland; hence ‹c› in Old English also originally represented /k/; the Modern English words kin, break, broken, thick, and seek, all come from Old English words written with ‹c›: cyn, brecan, brocen, Þicc, and séoc. But during the course of the Old English period, /k/ before front vowels (/e/ and /i/) was palatalized The second may be the result of the first, but they often differ. A vowel may "palatalize" a consonant , but the result might not be a palatalized consonant in the phonetic sense (sense 2), or the phonetically palatalized (sense 2) consonant may occur irrespective of front vowels, having changed by the tenth century to [tʃ], though ‹c› was still used, as in cir(i)ce, wrecc(e)a. On the continent, meanwhile, a similar phonetic change had also been going on (for example, in Italian Italian ( italiano , or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken as a native language by about 70 million people in Italy, San Marino and parts of Switzerland, Croatia, Slovenia and France. In addition, it is spoken by an additional 120 to 150 million people as a non-native language. Most native speakers are native bilinguals of both).

In Vulgar Latin, /k/ became palatalized to [tʃ] in Italy and Dalmatia; in France and the Iberian peninsula, it became [ts]. Yet for these new sounds ‹c› was still used before front vowels (‹e, i›) the letter thus represented two distinct values. Subsequently, the Latin phoneme /kʷ/ (represented by ‹qv›) de-labialized to /k/ meaning that the various Romance languages had /k/ before front vowels. In addition, Norman Norman is a Romance language and one of the Oïl languages. Norman can be classified in the northern Oïl languages with Picard and Walloon. The name Norman-French is sometimes used to describe not only the Norman language, but also the administrative languages of Anglo-Norman and Law French used in England used the Greek letter ‹k› so that the sound /k/ could be represented by either ‹k› or ‹c› the latter of which could represent either /k/ or /ts/ depending on whether it preceded a front vowel or not. The convention of using both ‹c› and ‹k› was applied to the writing of English after the Norman Conquest The Norman conquest of England began on 28 September 1066 with the invasion of the Kingdom of England by the troops of William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy and their victory at the Battle of Hastings (on the other side of the Channel in Southeast England) on 14 October 1066 over King Harold II of England. Harold's army had been badly depleted, causing a considerable re-spelling of the Old English words. Thus while Old English candel, clif, corn, crop, cú, remained unchanged, Cent, cæ´ (cé´), cyng, brece, séoce, were now (without any change of sound) spelled ‹Kent›, ‹keȝ›, ‹kyng›, ‹breke›, and ‹seoke›; even cniht ('knight') was subsequently changed to ‹kniht› and þic ('thick') changed to ‹thik› or ‹thikk›. The Old English ‹cw› was also at length displaced by the French ‹qu› so that the Old English cwén ('queen') and cwic ('quick') became Middle English Middle English is the name given by historical linguists to the diverse forms of the English language in use between the late 11th century and about 1470, when the Chancery Standard, a form of London-based English, began to become widespread, a process aided by the introduction of the printing press into England by William Caxton in the late 1470s ‹quen› ‹quik›, respectively. [tʃ] to which Old English palatalized /k/ had advanced, also occurred in French, chiefly from Latin /k/ before ‹a›. In French it was represented by ‹ch›, as in champ (from Latin camp-um) and this spelling was introduced into English: the Hatton Gospels, written about 1160, have in Matt. i-iii, child, chyld, riche, mychel, for the cild, rice, mycel, of the Old English version whence they were copied. In these cases, the Old English ‹c› gave place to ‹k qu ch› but, on the other hand, ‹c› in its new value of /ts/ came in largely in French words like processiun, emperice, grace, and was also substituted for ‹ts› in a few Old English words, as miltse, bletsien, in early Middle English milce, blecien. By the end of the thirteenth century both in France and England, this sound /ts/ de-affricated to /s/; and from that time ‹c› has represented /s/ before front vowels either for etymological Etymology is the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time reasons, as in lance, cent, or (in defiance of etymology) to avoid the ambiguity due to the "etymological" use of ‹s› for /z/, as in ace, mice, once, pence, defence.

Thus, to show the etymology, English spelling has advise, devise, instead of advize, devize, which while advice, device, dice, ice, mice, twice, etc., do not reflect etymology; example has extended this to hence, pence, defence, etc., where there is no etymological necessity for ‹c›. Former generations also wrote sence for sense. Hence, today the Romance languages extinct: Anatolian · Paleo-Balkans (Dacian, and English English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into South-East Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria. Following the economic, political, military, scientific, cultural, and colonial influence of Great Britain and the United Kingdom from the 18th century, via have a common feature inherited from Vulgar Latin Vulgar Latin was the nonstandard form of the Latin language; because of its nonstandard nature, it had no official orthography, and only Classical Latin was used in writing. It is sometimes called colloquial Latin where ‹c› takes on either a "hard" or "soft" In the Latin-based orthographies of many European languages , a distinction between hard and soft ‹c› occurs in which ‹c› represents two distinct phonemes. The sound of a hard ‹c› (which often precedes the non-front vowels ‹a›, ‹o› and ‹u›) is always [k] (as in car) while the sound of a soft ‹c› (typically before ‹e› value depending on the following vowel.

In the orthographies of English, French French is a Romance language spoken as a first language by about 136 million people worldwide. Around 190 million people speak French as a second language, and an additional 200 million speak it as an acquired foreign language. French speaking communities are present in 57 countries and territories. Most native speakers of the language live in, Spanish Countries where Spanish has official status. States of the U.S. where Spanish has no official status but is spoken by 25% or more of the population. States of the U.S. where Spanish has no official status but is spoken by 10-20% of the population. States of the U.S. where Spanish has no official status but is spoken by 5-9.9% of the population and Portuguese Portuguese ( português or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that grew from the Latin descended Galician-Portuguese language that was spoken in the mediaeval Kingdom of Galicia, whose territory is now divided between northern Portugal, Galicia and Asturias. It also absorbed influences from the Romance and Arabic languages spoken in the, ‹c› represents the "soft" value before ‹e› or ‹i› and a "hard" value of /k/ elsewhere. However, as with everything else regarding English spelling, there are a number of exceptions: "soccer Association football, commonly known as football or soccer, is a sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is the world's most popular sport" and "Celt The origin of the various names used since classical times for the people known today as the Celts is obscure and has been controversial. In particular, aside from a first-century literary genealogy of Celtus the grandson of Bretannos by Heracles, there is no record of the term "Celt" being used in connection with the inhabitants of the" are words that have /k/ where /s/ would be expected.

The pronunciation of the "soft" value varies by language. In the orthographies of English, French, Portuguese, and Spanish from Latin America and southern Spain, the soft ‹c› value is /s/. In the Spanish spoken in northern and central Spain, soft ‹c› is voiceless dental fricative The voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. Though rather rare as a phoneme in the world's inventory of languages, it is encountered in some of the most widespread and influential . The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is θ, and the equivalent X- /θ/. In Italian Italian ( italiano , or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken as a native language by about 70 million people in Italy, San Marino and parts of Switzerland, Croatia, Slovenia and France. In addition, it is spoken by an additional 120 to 150 million people as a non-native language. Most native speakers are native bilinguals of both and Romanian Romanian (or Daco-Romanian; obsolete spellings Rumanian, Roumanian; self-designation: română, limba română [ˈlimba roˈmɨnə] ("the Romanian language") or româneşte (lit. "in Romanian") is a Romance language spoken by around 24 to 28 million people, primarily in Romania and Moldova. It has official status in Romania, soft ‹c› is [t͡ʃ].

Other language orthographies use ‹c› to represent other sounds

There are several common digraphs with ‹c›, the most common being ‹ch›, which in some languages such as German is far more common than ‹c› alone. In English, ‹ch› most commonly represents /t͡ʃ/ (which it invariably has in Spanish), but can take the value /k/ or /ʃ/; some dialects of English also have /x/ in words like loch where other speakers pronounce the final sound as /k/. ‹Ch› takes various values in other languages, such as:

‹Ck›, with the value /k/, is often used after short vowels in Germanic languages such as English, German and Swedish (but some other Germanic languages use ‹kk› instead, such as Dutch and Norwegian). The digraph ‹cz› is found in Polish and ‹cs› in Hungarian, both representing /t͡ʃ/. In Old English, Italian, and a few languages related to Italian, ‹sc› represents /ʃ/ (however in Italian and related languages this only happens before front vowels, otherwise it represents /sk/).

As a phonetic symbol, lowercase ‹c› is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and X-SAMPA symbol for the voiceless palatal plosive, and capital ‹C› is the X-SAMPA symbol for the voiceless palatal fricative.

Codes for computing

Alternative representations of C
NATO phonetic Morse code
Charlie –·–·
Signal flag Flag semaphore Braille

In Unicode the capital C is codepoint U+0043 and the lower case c is U+0063.

The ASCII code for capital C is 67 and for lower case c is 99; or in binary 01000011 and 01100011, respectively.

The EBCDIC code for capital C is 195 and for lowercase c is 131; or in binary 11000011 and 10000011, respectively.

The numeric character references in HTML and XML are "&#67;" and "&#99;" for upper and lower case, respectively.

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