A rash is a change of the skin The skin is the outer covering of the body. In humans, it is the largest organ of the integumentary system made up of multiple layers of ectodermal tissue, and guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments and internal organs. Human skin is not unlike that of most other mammals except that it is not protected by a pelt and appears hairless which affects its color, appearance or texture. A rash may be localized in one part of the body, or affect all the skin. Rashes may cause the skin to change color, itch Itch is an unpleasant sensation that causes the desire or reflex to scratch. Itch has resisted many attempts to classify it as any one type of sensory experience. Modern science has shown that itch has many similarities to pain, and while both are unpleasant sensory experiences, their behavioral response patterns are different. Pain creates a, become warm, bumpy, dry, cracked or blistered A blister is a small pocket of fluid within the upper layers of the skin, typically caused by forceful rubbing , burning, freezing, chemical exposure or infection. Most blisters are filled with a clear fluid called serum or plasma (aka, "blister water"). However, blisters can be filled with blood (known as blood blisters) or with pus (if, swell and may be painful. The causes, and therefore treatments for rashes, vary widely. Diagnosis must take into account such things as the appearance of the rash, other symptoms, what the patient may have been exposed to, occupation, and occurrence in family members. The diagnosis may confirm any number of conditions.
The presence of a rash may aid associated signs and symptoms are diagnostic of certain diseases. For example, the rash in measles is an erythematous Erythema is redness of the skin, caused by hyperemia of the capillaries in the lower layers of the skin. It occurs with any skin injury, infection, or inflammation, maculopapular A maculopapular rash is a type of rash characterized by a flat, red area on the skin that is covered with small confluent bumps. The term "maculopapular" is a compound: macules are small, flat discolored spots on the surface of the skin; and papules are small, raised bumps. It is also described as erythematous, or red rash that begins a few days after the fever starts. It classically starts at the head and spreads downwards.
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Differential diagnosis
Common causes of rashes include:
- Food Allergy Allergy is a disorder of the immune system which is a form of hypersensitivity. Allergic reactions occur to normally harmless environmental substances known as allergens; these reactions are acquired, predictable, and rapid. Strictly, allergy is one of four forms of hypersensitivity and is called type I hypersensitivity. It is characterized by
- Anxiety Anxiety is a psychological and physiological state characterized by cognitive, somatic, emotional, and behavioral components. These components combine to create an unpleasant feeling that is typically associated with uneasiness, apprehension, fear, or worry. Anxiety is a generalized mood condition that can often occur without an identifiable.
- Allergies Allergy is a disorder of the immune system which is a form of hypersensitivity. Allergic reactions occur to normally harmless environmental substances known as allergens; these reactions are acquired, predictable, and rapid. Strictly, allergy is one of four forms of hypersensitivity and is called type I hypersensitivity. It is characterized by, for example to food, dyes, medicines, insect stings, metals such as zinc or nickel; such rashes are often called hives Urticaria (from the Latin urtica, nettle urere, to burn) (or hives) are a kind of skin rash notable for dark red, raised, itchy bumps. Hives are frequently caused by allergic reactions; however, there are many non-allergic causes. For example, most cases of hives lasting less than six weeks (acute urticaria) are the result of an allergic trigger.
- Skin contact with an irritant
- Bacterial or viral infection An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species. In an infection, the infecting organism seeks to utilize the host's resources to multiply, usually at the expense of the host. The infecting organism, or pathogen, interferes with the normal functioning of the host and can lead to chronic wounds, gangrene, loss, e.g., by the viruses A virus is a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of organisms. Most viruses are too small to be seen directly with a light microscope. Viruses infect all types of organisms, from animals and plants to bacteria and archaea. Since the initial discovery of tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898, about 5, that cause chickenpox Chickenpox or chicken pox is a highly contagious illness caused by primary infection with varicella zoster virus . It usually starts with vesicular skin rash mainly on the body and head rather than at the periphery and become itchy, raw pockmarks, which mostly heal without scarring, smallpox Smallpox is an infectious disease unique to humans, caused by either of two virus variants, Variola major and Variola minor. The disease is also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera, which is a derivative of the Latin varius, meaning spotted, or varus, meaning "pimple". The term "smallpox" was first used in Europe, cold sores Herpes simplex is a viral disease caused by both herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2). Infection with the herpes virus is categorized into one of several distinct disorders based on the site of infection. Oral herpes, the visible symptoms of which are colloquially called cold sores, infects the face and mouth. Oral and measles Measles, also known as Rubeola, is an infection of the respiratory system caused by a virus, specifically a paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus. Morbilliviruses, like other paramyxoviruses, are enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA viruses. Symptoms include fever, cough, runny nose, red eyes and a generalized, maculopapular,
- Fungal infection Mycosis is a condition in which fungi pass the resistance barriers of the human or animal body and establish infections.Mycoses can result when the climate is hot and humid, and when people live in crowded conditions. Some fungi reproduce through tiny spores in the air. People inhale those spores or they land on the skin. Therefore, fungal, such as ringworm Dermatophytosis or ringworm is a clinical condition caused by fungal infection of the skin in humans, pets such as cats, and domesticated animals such as sheep and cattle. The term "ringworm" is a misnomer, since the condition is caused by fungi of several different species and not by parasitic worms. The fungi that cause parasitic
- Reaction to vaccination Vaccines can be prophylactic , or therapeutic (e.g. vaccines against cancer are also being investigated; see cancer vaccine)
- Skin diseases such as eczema Eczema is a form of dermatitis, or inflammation of the epidermis . In England, an estimated 5,773,700 or about one in every nine people have been diagnosed with the disease by a clinician at some point in their lives or acne Acne vulgaris is a common human skin disease, characterized by areas of skin with seborrhea (scaly red skin), comedones (blackheads and whiteheads), papules (pinheads), pustules (pimples), nodules (large papules) and possibly scarring. Acne affects mostly skin with the densest population of sebaceous follicles; these areas include the face, the
- Exposure to sun The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. It has a diameter of about 1,392,000 kilometers , about 109 times that of Earth, and its mass (about 2 × 1030 kilograms, 330,000 times that of Earth) accounts for about 99.86% of the total mass of the Solar System. About three quarters of the Sun's mass consists of hydrogen, while the rest is (sunburn A sunburn is a burn to living tissue, such as skin, which is produced by overexposure to ultraviolet radiation, commonly from the sun's rays. Usual mild symptoms in humans and animals include red or reddish skin that is hot to the touch, general fatigue, and mild dizziness. An excess of UV radiation can be life-threatening in extreme cases) or heat In physics and thermodynamics, heat is the process of energy transfer from one body or system to another due to thermal contact, which in turn is defined as an energy transfer to a body in any other way than due to work performed on the body
- Friction Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, or material elements sliding against each other. It may be thought of as the opposite of "slipperiness" due to chafing of the skin
- Irritation Irritation or exacerbation, in biology and physiology, is a state of inflammation or painful reaction to allergy or cell-lining damage. A stimulus or agent which induces the state of irritation is an irritant. Irritants are typically thought of as chemical agents but mechanical, thermal (heat), and radiative stimuli (for example ultraviolet light such as caused by abrasives impregnated in clothing rubbing the skin. The cloth itself may be abrasive enough for some people
- Menstruation
Uncommon causes:
- Autoimmune disorders Autoimmune diseases arise from an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body. In other words, the body actually attacks its own cells. The immune system mistakes some part of the body as a pathogen and attacks it. This may be restricted to certain organs or involve a particular tissue in such as psoriasis Psoriasis is a chronic, autoimmune disease that appears on the skin. It occurs when the immune system sends out faulty signals that speed up the growth cycle of skin cells. Psoriasis is not contagious. It commonly causes red, scaly patches to appear on the skin, although some patients have no dermatological symptoms. The scaly patches commonly
- Lead poisoning Lead poisoning is a medical condition caused by increased levels of the heavy metal lead in the body. Lead interferes with a variety of body processes and is toxic to many organs and tissues including the heart, bones, intestines, kidneys, and reproductive and nervous systems. It interferes with the development of the nervous system and is
- Pregnancy Pregnancy is the carrying of one or more offspring, known as a fetus or embryo, inside the womb of a female. In a pregnancy, there can be multiple gestations, as in the case of twins or triplets. Human pregnancy is the most studied of all mammalian pregnancies. Childbirth usually occurs about 38 weeks after conception; i.e., approximately 40 weeks
- Repeated scratching on a particular spot
Diagnostic approach
The causes of a rash are extremely broad, which may make the evaluation of a rash extremely difficult. An accurate evaluation by a doctor may only be made in the context of a thorough history (What medication is the patient taking? What is the patient's occupation? Where has the patient been?) and complete physical examination.
Points to note in the examination include:
- The appearance: e.g., purpuric Purpura is the appearance of red or purple discolorations on the skin that do not blanch on applying pressure. They are caused by bleeding underneath the skin. Purpura measure 0.3-1 cm, whereas petechiae measure less than 3 mm, and ecchymoses greater than 1 cm (typical of vasculitis Vasculitis refers to a heterogeneous group of disorders that are characterized by inflammatory destruction of blood vessels. Both arteries and veins are affected. Lymphangitis is sometimes considered a type of vasculitis. Vasculitis is primarily due to leukocyte migration and resultant damage and Meningococcal septicemia Meningococcal disease describes infections caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis . It carries a high mortality rate if untreated. Whilst best known as a cause of meningitis, wide spread blood infection (sepsis) is more damaging and dangerous. Meningitis and Meningococcal septicemia are major causes of illness, death and disability in both), fine and like sandpaper (typical of scarlet fever Scarlet fever is a disease caused by exotoxin released by Streptococcus pyogenes. The term scarlatina may be used interchangeably with scarlet fever, though it is commonly used to indicate the less acute form of scarlet fever that is often seen since the beginning of the twentieth century); umbilicated lesions are typical of molluscum contagiosum Molluscum contagiosum is a viral infection of the skin or occasionally of the mucous membranes. It is caused by a DNA poxvirus called the molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV). MCV has no animal reservoir, infecting only humans. There are four types of MCV, MCV-1 to -4; MCV-1 is the most prevalent and MCV-2 is seen usually in adults and often sexually (and in the past, small pox Smallpox is an infectious disease unique to humans, caused by either of two virus variants, Variola major and Variola minor. The disease is also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera, which is a derivative of the Latin varius, meaning spotted, or varus, meaning "pimple". The term "smallpox" was first used in Europe); plaques with silver scales are typical of psoriasis Psoriasis is a chronic, autoimmune disease that appears on the skin. It occurs when the immune system sends out faulty signals that speed up the growth cycle of skin cells. Psoriasis is not contagious. It commonly causes red, scaly patches to appear on the skin, although some patients have no dermatological symptoms. The scaly patches commonly.
- The distribution: e.g., the rash of scarlet fever becomes confluent and forms bright red lines in the skin creases of the neck, armpits and groins (Pastia's lines); the vesicles flat · elevated (Papule, Nodule, Plaque) · fluid (Vesicle, Bulla, Pustule) · Ulcer · Erosion · Telangiectasia of chicken pox Chickenpox or chicken pox is a highly contagious illness caused by primary infection with varicella zoster virus . It usually starts with vesicular skin rash mainly on the body and head rather than at the periphery and become itchy, raw pockmarks, which mostly heal without scarring seem to follow the hollows of the body (they are more prominent along the depression of the spine on the back and in the hollows of both shoulder blades); very few rashes affect the palms of the hands and soles of the feet (secondary syphilis Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochetal bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. The route of transmission of syphilis is almost always through sexual contact, although there are examples of congenital syphilis via transmission from mother to child in utero or at birth, rickettsia Rickettsia is a genus of non-motile, Gram-negative, non-sporeforming, highly pleomorphic bacteria that can present as cocci , rods (1–4 μm long) or thread-like (10 μm long). Obligate intracellular parasites, the Rickettsia survival depends on entry, growth, and replication within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic host cells (typically endothelial or spotted fevers M+ Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus ,[1] guttate psoriasis Guttate psoriasis presents as small (0.5-1.5 cm in diameter) lesions over the upper trunk and proximal extremities, a form characterized by early age of onset and as such is found frequently in young adults.:410:194, hand, foot and mouth disease Hand, foot and mouth disease is a human syndrome caused by intestinal viruses of the Picornaviridae family. The most common strains causing HFMD are Coxsackie A virus and Enterovirus 71 (EV71), keratoderma blenorrhagica Keratoderma blennorrhagica are skin lesions commonly found on the palms and soles but which may spread to the scrotum, scalp and trunk also, and which resemble psoriasis.:195);
- Symmetry: e.g., herpes zoster Herpes zoster , commonly known as shingles and also known as zona, is a viral disease characterized by a painful skin rash with blisters in a limited area on one side of the body, often in a stripe. The initial infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes the acute (short-lived) illness chickenpox which generally occurs in children and young usually only affects one side of the body and does not cross the midline.
Typically, it is never a good habit for one to scratch a rash, as doing so may invigorate the rash and cause it to spread. Gently rubbing the rash may provide temporary relief, but it is more than likely better to avoid contact with the affected areas altogether.
Overview of symptoms
| Skin disease | Symptoms | Usual area of body |
|---|---|---|
| Acne Vulgaris Acne vulgaris is a common human skin disease, characterized by areas of skin with seborrhea (scaly red skin), comedones (blackheads and whiteheads), papules (pinheads), pustules (pimples), nodules (large papules) and possibly scarring. Acne affects mostly skin with the densest population of sebaceous follicles; these areas include the face, the | Comedones, papules, pustules and nodules. | Face, chest and back. |
| Acne Rosacea Rosacea is a chronic condition characterized by facial erythema (redness). Pimples are sometimes included as part of the definition. Unless it affects the eyes, it is typically a harmless cosmetic condition. Treatment, if wanted, usually involves topical medications to reduce inflammation | Flushed appearance or redness. | Cheeks, chin, forehead or nose. |
| Boil A boil is a deep infective folliculitis (infection of the hair follicle). It is almost always caused by infection by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, resulting in painful swollen area on the skin caused by an accumulation of pus and dead tissue. Individual boils clustered together are called carbuncles | Painful red bump or a cluster of painful red bumps | Anywhere |
| Cellulitis Cellulitis is a diffuse inflammation of connective tissue with severe inflammation of dermal and subcutaneous layers of the skin. Cellulitis can be caused by normal skin flora or by exogenous bacteria, and often occurs where the skin has previously been broken: cracks in the skin, cuts, blisters, burns, insect bites, surgical wounds, or sites of | Red, tender and swollen areas of skin | Around a cut, scrape or skin breach |
| Insect bite Insect bites and stings occur when an insect is agitated and seeks to defend itself through its natural defense mechanisms, or when an insect seeks to feed off the bitten person. Insects inject formic acid, which can cause an immediate skin reaction often resulting in redness and swelling in the injured area. The sting from fire ants, bees, wasps | Red and/or itchy bumps on the skin | Anywhere and can be sprinked randomly |
| Allergic reaction | Irregular, raised or flat red sores that appeared after taking medicine/drugs or eating certain foods | Anywhere |
| Hives | Bumps formed suddenly | Anywhere but usually first noticed on face |
| Seborrheic dermatitis | Bumps and swelling | Near glands |
| Cradle Cap | Dry, scaly skin | Scalp of recently born babies |
| Irritant contact dermatitis | Red, itchy, scaly or oily rash | Eyebrows, nose, edge of the scalp, point of contact with jewellery, perfume or clothing. |
| Allergic Contact Dermatitis caused by poison ivy, oak or sumac | Red, itchy, scaly or oily rash; can also be weeping or leathery. | Anywhere that came in contact with the irritant either directly or via transfer (e.g. from contaminated clothing.) |
| Allergic purpura | Small red dots on the skin, or larger, bruise-like spots that appeared after taking medicine | Anywhere |
| Pityriasis Rosea | Started with a single scaly, red and slightly itchy spot, and within a few days, did large numbers of smaller patches of the rash, some red and/or others tan | Chest and abdomen |
| Dermatitis herpetiformis | Intensely itchy rash with red bumps and blisters | Elbows, knees, back or buttocks |
| Erythema nodosum | Large red bumps that seem to bruise and are tender to touch | Anywhere |
| Psoriasis | White, scaly rash over red, flaky, irritated skin | Elbows and knees |
| Erythema multiforme | Red, blotchy rash, with "target like" hives or sores. | Anywhere |
| Measles | Red rash that is raised with a fever or sore throat. | Usually starts first on the forehead and face and spreads downward. |
| Chickenpox | Multiple blisters with a fever, cough, aches, tiredness and sore throat. | Usually starts first on the face, chest and back and spreads downward. |
| Shingles | Red blisters that are very painful and may crust | Anywhere |
| Fifth Disease | Started as a fever and then developed a bright red rash | Cheeks |
| Warts | Soft bumps forming that don't itch and have no other symptoms | Anywhere |
| Ringworm | Bald spot on the scalp or a ring of itchy red skin | Anywhere |
| Syphilis | Rash that is red but not itchy | Palms of hands or soles of feet |
| Jock itch, yeast infection or diaper rash | Red itchy rash | Groin |
| Tinea versicolor | Light coloured patches | Anywhere |
| Impetigo | Crusted, tan-colored sores | Near nose or lip |
| Scabies | Bite-like sores that itch and spread intensely | Usually start on hands or feet and spread everywhere |
| Rocky Mountain spotted fever | A fine rash with a fever and headache | Usually start on arms and legs including the hands and feet |
| Lupus erythematosus | A butterfly rash with achy joints | Forehead and cheeks |
| Jaundice or sign of hepatitis | Yellowish | Skin, whites of eyes and mouth |
| Bruise | Blue or black area after being hit | Anywhere |
| Actinic keratoses | Scaly, pink, gray or tan patches or bumps | Face, scalp or on the backs or the hands |
| Keloid or hypertrophic scar | Scar that has grown larger than expected | Anywhere |
| Lipoma | Soft or rubbery growth | Anywhere |
| Milia | Lots of white spots | On the face of a baby |
| Molluscum or contagiosum | Small, firm, round bumps with pits in the center that may sit on tiny stalks | Anywhere |
| Sebaceous cyst | Bump with a white dome under the skin | Scalp, nape of the neck or upper back |
| Skin tag | Soft, fleshy growth, lump or bump | Face, neck, armpits or groin |
| Xanthelasma | Yellow area under the skin | Under eyelids |
| Melanoma | Dark bump that may have started within a mole or blemish, or, a spot or mole that has changed in color, size, shape or is painful or itchy | Anywhere |
| Basal cell carcinoma | Fleshy, growing mass | Areas exposed to the sun |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | Unusual growth that is red, scaly or crusted | Face, lip or chin |
| Kaposi's sarcoma | Dark or black raised spots on the skin that keep growing or have appeared recently | Anywhere |
| Erythema annulare centrifugum (EAC) | Pink-red ring or bullseye marks | Anywhere |
See also
face only
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How can I treat a rash on my shin from my shinguard?
Q. I play soccer, and love it. Well, this year I had to get new shinguards. Ever since I started wearing them (about a month ago), I have gotten these little red bumps on my shins, almost like a rash. They only itch if you start itching them. I have put lotion on them at least two times per day, and they still haven't gone away. Some of them are small, and some of them are scabs. What are they? What can I do to treat them? Thanks!
Asked by Budgie - Sat May 9 16:41:04 2009 - - 2 Answers - 0 Comments
A. The next time you wear them put flour or baby powder on your shin first.
Answered by king.float - Sat May 9 16:43:45 2009
Q. I play soccer, and love it. Well, this year I had to get new shinguards. Ever since I started wearing them (about a month ago), I have gotten these little red bumps on my shins, almost like a rash. They only itch if you start itching them. I have put lotion on them at least two times per day, and they still haven't gone away. Some of them are small, and some of them are scabs. What are they? What can I do to treat them? Thanks!
Asked by Budgie - Sat May 9 16:41:04 2009 - - 2 Answers - 0 Comments
A. The next time you wear them put flour or baby powder on your shin first.
Answered by king.float - Sat May 9 16:43:45 2009
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